Rescuing democratic representation from equal influence

This article aims to contribute to the debate on democratic representa-tion by critically engaging with Niko Kolodny’s The Pecking Order, particularly his jus-tification of democracy through the principle of Equal Influence. While Kolodny argues that representative democracy can avoid relations of inferiority if citizens retain suffi-cient control over decision-making, this analysis questions whether his model adequate-ly captures the dynamic, interactive, and relational nature of representation. Moreover, it is argued that Kolodny’s framework overlooks the democratic value of diverse forms of political representation that go beyond strictly promissory conception, such as antici-patory, gyroscopic, and surrogate representation. By drawing on deliberative democratic theory, this article highlights a tension between Kolodny’s egalitarian justification of democracy and richer conceptions of representation, calling for a broader appreciation of the complexity and normative potential of representative practices.