Surface and Drip Irrigation Method in Maize Cultivation: Comparison of Environmental Performance

Maize is a water-intensive crop widely cultivated in temperate regions, where irrigation practices strongly influence its environmental performance. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of surface and drip irrigation for maize green silage production in the Po Valley (Italy), following ISO 14040/44 standards and adopting a cradle-to-farm-gate perspective. Results show that, compared to drip irrigation, surface irrigation leads to lower impacts in 14 out of 15 categories, with reductions ranging from−0.2% (marine eutrophication) to−61% (human toxicity, non-cancer), particularly for human toxicity and resource use due to lower diesel and infrastructure requirements. Conversely, drip irrigation achieves a 58% reduction in water use thanks to its higher irrigation efficiency. The single-score assessment highlights water use as the key differentiating factor, positioning drip irrigation as preferable under scenarios of water scarcity. Contribution and sensitivity analyses confirm that nitrogen fertiliser use and mechanisation are major hotspots, while yield variation (±30%) significantly affects the magnitude of results. These findings emphasise a clear trade-off: surface irrigation shows a lower environmental burden across most impact categories, whereas drip irrigation strongly reduces water scarcity impacts and provides robust, site-specific evidence to guide sustainable irrigation strategies in intensive maize systems.