Studies of the origin and processes of plant and animal domestication began with Darwin and De Candolle, reaching a turning point with the work of Nikolaj Vavilov, founder of the theory of “centers of domestication.” Modern interdisciplinary research, supported by genetics, archaeology, and paleoclimatology, has identified several domestication centers in the Americas—particularly in Mesoamerica and northern South America as early as 8,000 B.C., with later developments in the Andes, eastern North America, and the Amazon. During the Epipaleolithic and early Holocene, the management of wild plants and controlled hunting of animals gradually led to domestication, driven by climatic changes and practices such as the use of fire and the selection of the most useful species. Plants were domesticated through different mechanisms (ecosystem management, selection for tubers, fruits, and fibers), while animals were domesticated through relationships of commensalism, predation, or voluntary taming. The spread of domesticated species was extensive: maize, squash, and beans expanded from Mexico to North America, while crops such as peanuts and tomatoes were domesticated outside their original range, representing cases of “alloctonous domestication.” These processes fall under the concept of “predomestication agriculture,” based on advanced management of natural resources even without full domestication. Today, many American species—including maize, potato, cassava, cacao, and tomato—are fundamental to global economies and food systems, while only a few American domestic animals, such as the turkey and the Muscovy duck, have spread worldwide.
Gli studi sull’origine e i processi di domesticazione di piante e animali nascono con Darwin e De Candolle, trovando un punto di svolta nei lavori di Nikolaj Vavilov, ideatore della teoria dei “centri di domesticazione”. Le ricerche moderne, interdisciplinari e supportate da genetica, archeologia e paleoclimatologia, hanno individuato vari centri di domesticazione nel continente americano, in particolare in Mesoamerica e Sudamerica settentrionale già dall’8.000 a.C., con successivi sviluppi nelle Ande, nel Nord America orientale e nell’Amazzonia. Durante l’Epipaleolitico e l’Olocene antico, la gestione delle piante selvatiche e la caccia controllata degli animali portarono progressivamente alla domesticazione, favorita da mutamenti climatici e da pratiche come l’uso del fuoco e la selezione delle specie più utili. Le piante vennero domesticare attraverso differenti meccanismi (gestione ecosistemica, selezione per tuberi, frutti, fibre), mentre gli animali tramite relazioni di commensalismo, predazione o addomesticamento volontario. La diffusione delle specie domestiche fu ampia: mais, zucca e fagioli si espansero dal Messico al Nord America, mentre piante come arachide e pomodoro furono domesticati fuori dal loro areale originario, mostrando casi di “domesticazione alloctona”. Questi processi rientrano nel concetto di “agricoltura predomestica”, basata sulla gestione avanzata di risorse naturali anche senza piena domesticazione. Oggi molte specie americane — tra cui mais, patata, manioca, cacao e pomodoro — sono fondamentali per l’economia e l’alimentazione globali, mentre solo pochi animali domestici americani, come tacchino e anatra muta, si sono diffusi su scala mondiale.
I centri americani di domesticazione delle piante e degli animali / O. Failla - In: Piante, animali e società : l'America precolombiana e l'agricoltura europea / [a cura di] A. Sandrucci, O. Failla. - Milano : Museo di Storia dell'Agricoltura, 2026 Jan 06. - ISBN 9788894792799. - pp. 9-18 (( Piante, animali e società : l'America precolombiana e l'agricoltura europea Sant'Angelo Lodigiano 2025.
I centri americani di domesticazione delle piante e degli animali
O. Failla
2026
Abstract
Studies of the origin and processes of plant and animal domestication began with Darwin and De Candolle, reaching a turning point with the work of Nikolaj Vavilov, founder of the theory of “centers of domestication.” Modern interdisciplinary research, supported by genetics, archaeology, and paleoclimatology, has identified several domestication centers in the Americas—particularly in Mesoamerica and northern South America as early as 8,000 B.C., with later developments in the Andes, eastern North America, and the Amazon. During the Epipaleolithic and early Holocene, the management of wild plants and controlled hunting of animals gradually led to domestication, driven by climatic changes and practices such as the use of fire and the selection of the most useful species. Plants were domesticated through different mechanisms (ecosystem management, selection for tubers, fruits, and fibers), while animals were domesticated through relationships of commensalism, predation, or voluntary taming. The spread of domesticated species was extensive: maize, squash, and beans expanded from Mexico to North America, while crops such as peanuts and tomatoes were domesticated outside their original range, representing cases of “alloctonous domestication.” These processes fall under the concept of “predomestication agriculture,” based on advanced management of natural resources even without full domestication. Today, many American species—including maize, potato, cassava, cacao, and tomato—are fundamental to global economies and food systems, while only a few American domestic animals, such as the turkey and the Muscovy duck, have spread worldwide.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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