Artificial Intelligence and Neuroenhancement in Sport

Successful athletes not only display above-average physical skills, but they also display psychological resilience, willpower, and, in some sports, the capacity to anticipate the opposing team's moves. In this chapter, we consider the use of new and future technologies such as Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), Computer-Brain Interfaces (CBI), and Brain-Brain Interfaces (BBI) as possible tools to enhance athletic performance. In particular, we consider using BCI, CBI, and BBI to boost team coordination, endurance, recovery, focus, and the development of new skills. We evaluate from an ethical perspective both technologies that can be used either during training sessions and those that can be used during actual matches. Different possible implementation scenarios are analysed, focusing both on potential outcomes and risks for players’ autonomy, agency, and safety while also underlining possible benefits. The chapter's conclusions provide recommendations about the safe and ethical use of such technologies in training and during matches.