Lodging is one of the major threats that affect barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare) production by causing the fall of the plant under external forces such as rain and wind or the weight of the plant itself. Since the Green Revolution, breeders minimized the load of those forces by reducing the plant center of gravity developing semidwarf varieties. However, this approach has reached its maximum potential. Enhancing culm strength through the manipulation of culm morphology traits has been proposed as a new alternative strategy to develop resistant varieties, yet the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits remain elusive. In this context, this PhD project aimed to make a step forward to fill this gap by applying three different approaches. Firstly, a forward genetic approach has been conducted to discover candidate genes associated with culm diameter in a 6-row big culm TILLMore mutant line (TM3325) previously discovered by our group. To prevent any pleiotropic effects due to row-type spike morphology this TM3325 line has been crossed with its background Morex and a 6-row near isogenic line of Bowman (BW898) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data has been collected for all three parental genotypes. A WGS-based bulk segregant analysis (BSA) approach has been conducted by preparing and sequencing three contrasting pairs of DNA bulks considering second internode outer diameter, as well as plant height and spike length as these traits were also significantly divergent in the TILLING line but not strongly correlated in the F2 segregating population. In addition, a pair of bulks contrasting for outer diameter was also analysed for the BW898 F2 population. Comparison of BSA results between the two populations suggest the presence of a candidate gene responsible for all traits in chromosome 2H while additional signals have been detected in chromosomes 4H and 5H for outer diameter, 6H for spike length and 4H for plant height. In mutant line TM3325 only the gene HORVU.MOREX.r3.2HG0180320 has been detected as harboring a potentially damaging mutation (premature STOP codon) in chromosome 2H. This is an orthologue of the Arabidopsis AtCLASP gene which encodes a microtubule associated protein involved in organ shape and size. A haplotype analysis conducted on a spring malting barley germplasm panel previously studied by Bretani et al. (2022) further showed a natural allelic variant of this gene had a significant effect on the outer diameter in 6-row cultivars. Complementing this work, a reverse genetic approach has been applied to characterize the barley orthologue of SMOS1, a rice gene that was previously shown to regulate culm morphology traits and used in breeding lodging resistant lines. Four TILLING lines were identified from the HorTILLUS population characterized under greenhouse conditions, and a haplotype analysis was conducted considering the same population mentioned above. Although results obtained so far did not confirm the involvement of the gene in barley culm traits, the identification of four independent mutations in the gene provides a starting point for further analyses to clarify its biological role. Finally, datasets for the diversity panel analysed by Bretani et. al (2022) were leveraged to explore the feasibility of using genomic selection to predict the section modulus trait, which indicate the strength of the culm considering only its morphology. Various alternative models were tested considering population structure caused by row-type, different marker densities and the effect of integration as fixed effect of GWAS peaks marker detected by Bretani et. al (2022). The highest predictive ability obtained was 0.82 considering together both row-type cultivars, GWAS peak markers and 100 genome-wide SNPs only. Interestingly, exclusion of 6-row varieties from the training set caused a drop of predictive ability to 0.54 considering 5000 SNPs which may indicate an effect caused by population structure. Including 6-row cultivars in the training dataset enhanced prediction of 2-row cultivars to 0.59 indicating a beneficial effect of their inclusion.
L’allettamento è una delle principali minacce che affliggono la produzione di orzo (Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare) causando la caduta della pianta a causa di pioggia, vento e peso della pianta stessa. Dalla Rivoluzione Verde, i breeder hanno minimizzato il carico delle suddette forze riducendo il centro di gravità delle piante sviluppando delle varietà semidwarf. Tuttavia, questo approccio ha raggiunto il potenziale massimo. Come srategia alternativa per sviluppare varietà resistenti è stato proposto di migliorare la forza del culmo attraverso la manipolazione della sua morfologia, purtroppo, le informazioni sui meccanismi genetici che regolano questo carattere rimangono limitate. Questo progetto di PhD ha l’obbiettivo di aumentare le conoscenze sull’argomento attraverso l’uso di tre distinti approcci. In primo luogo, è stato condotto un approccio di genetica forward per identificare geni candidati associati con la morfologia del culmo in una linea mutante esastica appartenente alla famiglia TILLMore chiamata TM3325, precedentemente classificata come culmo largo dal nostro gruppo. Per prevenire effetti pleiotropici dovuti dalla struttura della spiga, la linea TM3325 è stata incrociata con il suo background Morex e una linea isogenica (NIL) esastica di Bowman chiamata BW898. I dati di sequenziamento dell’intero genoma sono stati raccolti per le tre linee precedentemente descritte. Tre bulk di DNA raccolto da pianti con fenotipi contrastanti sono stati preparati per condurre una bulk segregant analyisis (BSA). Date la differenze osservate tra la linea TM3325 e Morex, sono stati considerati in questa analisi i fenotipi altezza della pianta a lunghezza della spiga per la popolazione F2 proveniente da Morex ed infine il diametro esterno del secondo internodo per entrambe le popolazioni F2. I risultati ottenuti dalla BSA tra le due popolazioni mostrano segnali univoci ai cromosomi 4H e 5H che sono stati osseravti per il diametro del culmo, 6H per la lunghezza della spiga ed infine 4H per l’altezza della pianta. Questi risultati inoltre suggeriscono la presenza di un gene al cromosoma 2H (HORVU.MOREX.r3.2HG0180320) coinvolto con tutti e tre i caratteri analizzati. Questo gene è un ortologo di AtCLASP descritto in Arabidopsis il quale codifica per una proteina associata ai microtubuli coinvolta con la regolazione della morfologia di alcuni organi della pianta. Successivamente, una variante allelica naturale del gene con effetti sulla morfologia del culmo è stata osservata attraverso un haplotype analysis condotta su un germoplasma di orzo primaverile da malto studiato da Bretani et al. (2022), precisamente nella sottopopolazione di varietà esastiche. In contemporanea, è stato caratterizzato l’ortologo del gene SMOS1 in orzo, la cui funzione nella regolazione della morfologia del culmo è stata descritta in riso ed è anche stato utilizzato nel miglioramento genetico per lo sviluppo di linee resistenti all’allettamento sempre in riso. A questo scopo, una haplotype analyisis è stata condotta usando la popolazione descritta precedentemente e in parallelo, quattro linee TILLING provenienti dalla popolazione HorTILLUS sono state identificate e caratterizzate in serra. Infine, il dataset analizzato da Bretani et al. (2022) è stato utilizzato per esplorare la possibilità di applicare la genomic prediction per predire il carattere section modulus, il quale indica la forza del culmo considerando la sua morfologia. Sono stati testati vari modelli considerando: eventuale struttura di popolazione causata dalla presenza di varietà distiche ed esastiche, differenti sottocampioni di marcatori e l’utilizzo di marcatori significativi in GWAS come effetti fissi nel modello. Il modello con predictive ability più alta ha considerato tutte le varietà distiche ed esastiche, 100 marcatori e sono stati integrati gli effetti fissi. L’esclusione delle varietà esastiche ha causato una riduzione della predictive ability a 0.54 con 5000 marcatori, questo è un idice della presenza di struttura di popolazione. Infine, includendo le varietà esastiche insieme alle distiche nel training set ha migliorato la predictive ability a 0.59 predicendo le varietà distiche.
GENETIC DISSECTION OF PLANT ARCHITECTURE TRAITS IN HORDEUM VULGARE (BARLEY) / V. Gipli ; tutor: L. Rossini ; co-tutor: C. da Silva Linge ; coordinatore: R. Pilu. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, 2025 Dec 15. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
GENETIC DISSECTION OF PLANT ARCHITECTURE TRAITS IN HORDEUM VULGARE (BARLEY)
V. Gipli
2025
Abstract
Lodging is one of the major threats that affect barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare) production by causing the fall of the plant under external forces such as rain and wind or the weight of the plant itself. Since the Green Revolution, breeders minimized the load of those forces by reducing the plant center of gravity developing semidwarf varieties. However, this approach has reached its maximum potential. Enhancing culm strength through the manipulation of culm morphology traits has been proposed as a new alternative strategy to develop resistant varieties, yet the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits remain elusive. In this context, this PhD project aimed to make a step forward to fill this gap by applying three different approaches. Firstly, a forward genetic approach has been conducted to discover candidate genes associated with culm diameter in a 6-row big culm TILLMore mutant line (TM3325) previously discovered by our group. To prevent any pleiotropic effects due to row-type spike morphology this TM3325 line has been crossed with its background Morex and a 6-row near isogenic line of Bowman (BW898) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data has been collected for all three parental genotypes. A WGS-based bulk segregant analysis (BSA) approach has been conducted by preparing and sequencing three contrasting pairs of DNA bulks considering second internode outer diameter, as well as plant height and spike length as these traits were also significantly divergent in the TILLING line but not strongly correlated in the F2 segregating population. In addition, a pair of bulks contrasting for outer diameter was also analysed for the BW898 F2 population. Comparison of BSA results between the two populations suggest the presence of a candidate gene responsible for all traits in chromosome 2H while additional signals have been detected in chromosomes 4H and 5H for outer diameter, 6H for spike length and 4H for plant height. In mutant line TM3325 only the gene HORVU.MOREX.r3.2HG0180320 has been detected as harboring a potentially damaging mutation (premature STOP codon) in chromosome 2H. This is an orthologue of the Arabidopsis AtCLASP gene which encodes a microtubule associated protein involved in organ shape and size. A haplotype analysis conducted on a spring malting barley germplasm panel previously studied by Bretani et al. (2022) further showed a natural allelic variant of this gene had a significant effect on the outer diameter in 6-row cultivars. Complementing this work, a reverse genetic approach has been applied to characterize the barley orthologue of SMOS1, a rice gene that was previously shown to regulate culm morphology traits and used in breeding lodging resistant lines. Four TILLING lines were identified from the HorTILLUS population characterized under greenhouse conditions, and a haplotype analysis was conducted considering the same population mentioned above. Although results obtained so far did not confirm the involvement of the gene in barley culm traits, the identification of four independent mutations in the gene provides a starting point for further analyses to clarify its biological role. Finally, datasets for the diversity panel analysed by Bretani et. al (2022) were leveraged to explore the feasibility of using genomic selection to predict the section modulus trait, which indicate the strength of the culm considering only its morphology. Various alternative models were tested considering population structure caused by row-type, different marker densities and the effect of integration as fixed effect of GWAS peaks marker detected by Bretani et. al (2022). The highest predictive ability obtained was 0.82 considering together both row-type cultivars, GWAS peak markers and 100 genome-wide SNPs only. Interestingly, exclusion of 6-row varieties from the training set caused a drop of predictive ability to 0.54 considering 5000 SNPs which may indicate an effect caused by population structure. Including 6-row cultivars in the training dataset enhanced prediction of 2-row cultivars to 0.59 indicating a beneficial effect of their inclusion.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimi_R13968.pdf
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Descrizione: Doctoral Thesis
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