Seven wonders of Cosmic Dawn: JWST confirms a high abundance of galaxies and AGN at z ≃ 9–11 in the GLASS field

We present the JWST/NIRSpec PRISM follow-up of candidate galaxies at z ≈ 9-11 selected from deep JWST/NIRCam photometry in GLASSJWST Early Release Science data. We spectroscopically confirm six sources with secure redshifts at z = 9.52-10.43, each showing multiple emission lines. An additional object is likely at z ≈ 10.66, based on its Lya-break and a single emission feature, while one source is a lowerredshift interloper. The sample includes the first JWST-detected candidate at z ∼ 10, GHZ1/GLASS-z10, which we confirm at z = 9.875, and the X-ray detected active galactic nucleus (AGN) GHZ9 at z = 10.145. Three objects, including GHZ9, have EW(CIII]λ1908) > 20 Å and occupy a region compatible with AGN emission in the EW(CIII]) vs CIV/CIII] diagram. The spectroscopic sample confirms a high abundance of galaxies at z > 9. We measure a number density of z ∼ 10 galaxies in the GLASS-JWST ERS field that is a factor of >3 higher than other JWST-based estimates at demagnified rest-frame magnitudes of -21 ≤ MUV ≤ -19. We find that the positions of these galaxies in redshift and angular space are not consistent with all of them being part of a single progenitor of present-day galaxy clusters. The high density of objects in the GLASS region can be explained either by clustering on large scales or by a superposition of different forming structures of which we observe only the brightest members. By considering all the spectroscopic z ∼ 10 sources in the Abell-2744 field, we identify two potential galaxy proto-clusters centered around GHZ9 and JD1, with relative separations between their members of ≈1-2 pMpc. The potential AGN nature of three of the sources in our sample lends support to a scenario in which the high abundance of bright sources determined by JWST surveys at cosmic dawn may be affected by AGN contribution to their UV luminosity.