Dynamic changes in plasma electrophoretic protein profiles of different goat breeds during peripartum: implications for immuno-inflammatory monitoring

The peripartum period is marked by profound physiological adjustments related to fetal development and the onset of lactation, which can affect homeostasis and alter plasma protein profiles. This study aimed to evaluate and compare changes in plasma protein fractions in healthy goats from four Italian breeds: Camosciata delle Alpi (n = 15), Orobica di Valgerola (n = 20), Frisa Valtellinese (n = 22), and Lariana (n = 19) during this transitional phase. Blood samples were collected at five time points: thirty days before parturition (T1), fifteen days before parturition (T2), at parturition (T3), fifteen days after parturition (T4), and thirty days after parturition (T5). All breeds exhibited dynamic variations in total protein levels and electrophoretic fractions throughout the peripartum period. Frisa and Lariana breeds showed a post-partum increase in alpha- and beta-globulin fractions, suggesting a potentially greater inflammatory response compared to the other breeds. These findings highlight the metabolic demands of the peripartum period and the breed-specific adaptations involved. Plasma protein electrophoresis proved to be an effective tool for monitoring physiological changes and may support the early detection of metabolic imbalances. The study also underscores the importance of developing breed-specific reference intervals to enhance health assessment and herd management in goats.