Distribution and dietary habits of Lepomis gibbosus in Natura 2000 sites of Cyprus

Species introductions are widely reported as a major threat to biodiversity conservation in Natura 2000 sites. Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus was introduced in Europe in the late 19th century and is currently listed as Invasive Alien Species of Union concern. To assess its potential impact on the native freshwater communities of Cyprus, we investigated pumpkinseed distribution and diet within 21 Natura 2000 sites. Pumpkinseed occurred in 15 out of the 22 surveyed reservoirs (68.2%), while it was recorded in only four of the 26 investigated rivers (15.4%), likely due to water availability, habitat constraints and physical barriers. Overall, this non-native fish was recorded in 12 Natura 2000 sites (57.1%). Diet analysis showed a preference for chironomid larvae, molluscs, and crustaceans, with evidence of ontogenetic dietary shifts. Fish were a minor prey, while there was no evidence of predation on reptiles or amphibians, suggesting that the impact of pumpkinseed on the conservation of native aquatic vertebrates may be negligible. Surveys also allowed to record several non-native fish species, including some predators, e.g. largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, pikeperch Sander lucioperca and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, the diet and potential impact of which should be carefully assessed. This study highlights the importance of monitoring to mitigate the spread of non-native fish and support conservation within protected areas.