OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to pro-vide an epidemiological, diag-nostic, and therapeutic overview of the white sponge nevus, through a narrative review of the literature and the presentation of a clinical case. MATERIALS AND METHODS The narrative review was con-ducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, using the keywords “white sponge nevus”, “white sponge nevus treatment” and “white sponge nevus differ-ential diagnosis”. Case reports and narrative reviews were in-cluded. In this article it is also de-scribed the case of a 19 years old patient who was referred by his dentist to our Oral Medi-cine department (S.C. Odon-tostomatology II, San Paolo Hospital, Milan) for white, dif-fuse, thicken and wrinkled plaque lesions, visible on the left and right buccal mucosa, and on the ventral surface of the tongue. RESULTS White sponge nevus is an auto-somal dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations in the genes encoding for cytokeratin 4 and cytokeratin 13. It is a benign condition that affects 1 in 200.000 individuals without any racial and/or gender predilection. The onset of white sponge nevus is usually in infancy, child-hood or adolescence, but the disease reaches its peak in early adulthood. From a clinical point of view, it is characterized by white-greyish, diffuse, soft, thicken and wrin-kled plaque lesions. The most in-volved sites include the buccal mucosa bilaterally, the lips, the ventral surface of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate and the alveolar mucosa. When the patients affected are young and free from risk factors, the medical history and the clini-cal features of the lesions are of-ten enough to formulate a correct diagnosis. On the other hand, the incisional biopsy is fundamental in the mild or sporadic cases, or even in those patients for which it is im-portant to rule out other conditions, such as the potential ma-lignant disorders, that require different therapies or follow-up protocols. In the clinical case presented above, taking into account the positive familial history for the condition, the lesions appearance and the lack of symptoms, a clin-ical diagnosis of white sponge nevus was made. The patient did not undergo inci-sional biopsy, but periodical clini-cal examinations have been scheduled in order to evaluate any possible variation in the pre-sentation of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS White sponge nevus is a benign and asymptomatic condition with no potential for malignant trans-formation. For these reasons it generally does not require any medical or surgical treatment. In most cases, patients may report only mild symptoms as a result of the altered texture of the oral mucosa. Nevertheless, if the le-sions are wide or cause a sensation of discomfort to the patient, it is possible to opt for a surgical excision/reduction or laser-ablation of the plaques. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The role of the dentist appears to be crucial in carrying out a cor-rect differential diagnosis be-tween white sponge nevus and epithelial lesions of another na-ture, from benign ones (such as pseudomembranous candidia-sis, morsicatio buccarum, leu-koedema…) to those belonging to the group of oral potentially malignant disorders (for exam-ple, leukoplakia, oral lichen pla-nus, graft versus host dis-ease-GVHD…).
OBIETTIVI: Lo scopo del presente lavoro è fornire un inquadramento epidemiologico, diagnostico, clinico e terapeutico del nevo bianco spongioso, procedendo tramite revisione narrativa degli articoli disponibili in letteratura ed esposizione di un caso clinico. MATERIALI E METODI: La revisione è stata condotta consultando i database PubMed, Google Scholar e Scopus, utilizzando le parole chiave “white sponge nevus”, “white sponge nevus treatment” e “white sponge nevus differential diagnosis”. Sono stati inclusi case report e revisioni narrative della letteratura. Viene inoltre discusso il caso clinico di un paziente di 19 anni riferito dal proprio odontoiatra all’ambulatorio di Medicina Orale (S.C. Odontostomatologia II, Ospedale San Paolo, Milano) per un consulto medico specialistico in merito a lesioni a placca bianche, diffuse e ispessite presenti bilateralmente a livello delle mucose geniene e in corrispondenza del ventre linguale. RISULTATI Il nevo bianco spongioso appartiene al gruppo delle genodermatosi ed è determinato da mutazioni a carico dei geni codificanti per le citocheratine 4 e 13. Si tratta di una condizione benigna, con una prevalenza stimata pari a 1 individuo ogni 200.000, che non mostra predilezione di genere e/o provenienza etnica, e che può essere presente già al momento della nascita o insorgere nel corso dell’infanzia o dell’adolescenza. Per quanto concerne gli aspetti clinici, si presenta tipicamente con lesioni di colore bianco o grigiastro, a placca, diffuse, non indurite alla palpazione e di aspetto corrugato o vellutato. A livello intra-orale le aree prevalentemente interessate risultano essere le mucose geniene, seguite dalle mucose labiali, dal ventre linguale, dal pavimento orale, dal palato molle e dalla mucosa alveolare. Nei pazienti di giovane età ed esenti da fattori di rischio per lesioni neoplastiche del cavo orale, la diagnosi clinica può essere posta basandosi esclusivamente sui dati anamnestici e sulla valutazione delle caratteristiche e delle tempistiche di insorgenza delle lesioni. Al di fuori di questi casi, l’intervento di biopsia incisionale risulta invece sempre necessario al fine di raggiungere una corretta diagnosi. Nel caso clinico presentato in considerazione dell’anamnesi familiare positiva, dell’aspetto delle lesioni e dell’assenza di sintomatologia associata si pone diagnosi clinica di nevo bianco spongioso, decidendo di non sottoporre il paziente a ulteriori trattamenti chirurgici in senso bioptico e impostando visite di controllo periodiche a cadenza semestrale. CONCLUSIONI: Essendo il nevo bianco spongioso una condizione asintomatica e che non comporta per i soggetti affetti un aumentato rischio di sviluppare neoplasie maligne, non è generalmente richiesta alcuna terapia né farmacologica né chirurgica. Un trattamento, rappresentato dall’escissione/riduzione chirurgica o laser-ablazione, è comunque possibile nei casi in cui le lesioni risultino maggiormente estese o comportino una sensazione di discomfort per il paziente. SIGNIFICATO CLINICO: Il ruolo dell’odontoiatra appare fondamentale nell’effettuare una corretta diagnosi differenziale tra il nevo bianco spongioso e le lesioni di altra natura, da quelle benigne (come la candidosi pseudomembranosa, la morsicatio buccarum, il leucoedema…) a quelle appartenenti al gruppo dei disordini potenzialmente maligni (tra cui leucoplachia, lichen planus, graft versus host disease-GVHD…).
Nevo bianco spongioso: caso clinico e revisione narrativa della letteratura = White sponge nevus: clinical case and narrative review of the literature / V. Caria, E.L. Delnegro, M. Grandele, N. Lombardi, G. Lodi. - In: DENTAL CADMOS. - ISSN 0011-8524. - 91:9(2023 Nov), pp. 728-734. [10.19256/d.cadmos.09.2023.03]
Nevo bianco spongioso: caso clinico e revisione narrativa della letteratura = White sponge nevus: clinical case and narrative review of the literature
V. Caria
;E.L. DelnegroSecondo
;N. LombardiPenultimo
;G. LodiUltimo
2023
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to pro-vide an epidemiological, diag-nostic, and therapeutic overview of the white sponge nevus, through a narrative review of the literature and the presentation of a clinical case. MATERIALS AND METHODS The narrative review was con-ducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, using the keywords “white sponge nevus”, “white sponge nevus treatment” and “white sponge nevus differ-ential diagnosis”. Case reports and narrative reviews were in-cluded. In this article it is also de-scribed the case of a 19 years old patient who was referred by his dentist to our Oral Medi-cine department (S.C. Odon-tostomatology II, San Paolo Hospital, Milan) for white, dif-fuse, thicken and wrinkled plaque lesions, visible on the left and right buccal mucosa, and on the ventral surface of the tongue. RESULTS White sponge nevus is an auto-somal dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations in the genes encoding for cytokeratin 4 and cytokeratin 13. It is a benign condition that affects 1 in 200.000 individuals without any racial and/or gender predilection. The onset of white sponge nevus is usually in infancy, child-hood or adolescence, but the disease reaches its peak in early adulthood. From a clinical point of view, it is characterized by white-greyish, diffuse, soft, thicken and wrin-kled plaque lesions. The most in-volved sites include the buccal mucosa bilaterally, the lips, the ventral surface of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate and the alveolar mucosa. When the patients affected are young and free from risk factors, the medical history and the clini-cal features of the lesions are of-ten enough to formulate a correct diagnosis. On the other hand, the incisional biopsy is fundamental in the mild or sporadic cases, or even in those patients for which it is im-portant to rule out other conditions, such as the potential ma-lignant disorders, that require different therapies or follow-up protocols. In the clinical case presented above, taking into account the positive familial history for the condition, the lesions appearance and the lack of symptoms, a clin-ical diagnosis of white sponge nevus was made. The patient did not undergo inci-sional biopsy, but periodical clini-cal examinations have been scheduled in order to evaluate any possible variation in the pre-sentation of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS White sponge nevus is a benign and asymptomatic condition with no potential for malignant trans-formation. For these reasons it generally does not require any medical or surgical treatment. In most cases, patients may report only mild symptoms as a result of the altered texture of the oral mucosa. Nevertheless, if the le-sions are wide or cause a sensation of discomfort to the patient, it is possible to opt for a surgical excision/reduction or laser-ablation of the plaques. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The role of the dentist appears to be crucial in carrying out a cor-rect differential diagnosis be-tween white sponge nevus and epithelial lesions of another na-ture, from benign ones (such as pseudomembranous candidia-sis, morsicatio buccarum, leu-koedema…) to those belonging to the group of oral potentially malignant disorders (for exam-ple, leukoplakia, oral lichen pla-nus, graft versus host dis-ease-GVHD…).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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