Automated integration of AEM data, VES and borehole logs

Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys are powerful tools for studying groundwater, but combining them with other types of data—like borehole resistivity logs and ground-based measurements—can be tricky. These different datasets often don’t match up perfectly because they were collected at different times, in different ways, or may contain errors. This study presents a new method to **automatically combine AEM data with other resistivity data**, even when there are conflicts between them. It uses a special technique (called the **AGMS norm**) during data inversion that helps the system recognize and down-weight the influence of data points that don’t fit well, without completely ignoring useful information. The method was tested both on synthetic (simulated) and real-world data from the Netherlands. It showed that this approach: * Improves how well AEM data and older or less accurate data work together. * Automatically detects and flags conflicting data points. * Requires less manual cleanup of the data before analysis. * Still gives reliable and meaningful results for groundwater mapping. In short, this new technique makes it much easier and more reliable to use different kinds of resistivity data together, helping scientists better understand complex groundwater systems.