Laser technology in periodontics

Laser technology has significantly transformed periodontal therapy by offering precise, minimally invasive alternatives to conventional treatments. Since their introduction into dentistry, lasers have evolved into powerful tools for surgical and non-surgical periodontal procedures. This narrative review explores the mechanisms, clinical applications, and technological advancements of laser systems in periodontics, focusing on their efficacy, benefits, limitations, and future potential. Lasers operate through photothermal, photochemical, and photomechanical mechanisms, enabling precise tissue interaction with minimal collateral damage. Diode, Nd: YAG, Er: YAG and CO₂ lasers are utilized based on their specific wavelength properties and clinical indications. Laser-assisted therapy offers notable advantages, including reduced bleeding, faster healing, improved patient comfort, and enhanced bacterial decontamination. These benefits are particularly evident in procedures like scaling and root planing, gingival and bone surgeries, peri-implantitis management, and regenerative therapies. Clinical studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in terms of pocket depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, and inflammation control when lasers are high costs, training requirements, and limited effectiveness in specific clinical scenarios persist. Safety protocols and skilled usage remain essential to avoid adverse outcomes. Integrating lasers with emerging technologies— such as 3D imaging and AI—may further optimize periodontal care. While not a universal solution, laser technology represents a vital component in the evolving landscape of modern periodontology.