Optimizing Ultrasound Probe Disinfection for Healthcare-Associated Infection Control: A Comparative Analysis of Disinfectant Efficacy

Background/Aims: Ultrasound is a key diagnostic tool in modern medicine due to its ability to provide real-time, high-resolution images of the internal structures of the human body. Despite its undeniable advantages, there are challenges related to the contamination of ultrasound probes, with the risk of healthcare-associated infections. The aim of this review was to identify the most effective disinfectants for disinfecting ultrasound probes to prevent the transmission of pathogens between patients. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, resulting in the inclusion of 16 studies from an initial 1202 records. Results: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the most effective disinfectant, especially in automated systems, achieving a >5-log10 reduction in viral load, including that of resistant pathogens like Human Papillomavirus. Chlorhexidine gluconate (4%) demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy, eliminating 84.62% of bacterial contamination, but was less effective against viral pathogens. Glutaraldehyde was effective in some cases, though its use carried a higher risk of probe damage. The use of sodium hypochlorite varied across guidelines; some endorsed it for COVID-19 prevention, while others cautioned against its application due to potential probe damage. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of advanced disinfection technologies and strict adherence to protocols in improving infection control. Automated systems utilizing H2O2 strike an ideal balance between antimicrobial efficacy and equipment preservation. Future research should focus on developing disinfection methods that prioritize safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability in various clinical environments.