The Ecosystem Services analytical framework in Italy. A human geography prospect

This paper examines the ecosystem services (ES) analytical framework from a Human Geography perspective. It firstly aims to describe the development of the ES paradigm within international and Italian scientific debates. Although ES appeared in the international scientific debate in the early 1990s, they gained attention by Italian scholars later around 2011. During this period, the paradigm was harshly criticised and several controversial aspects emerged. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) schemes are one of the most frequently discussed topics. However, the limits highlighted by international literature have been rarely mentioned in the Italian debate. Furthermore, PES schemes were introduced through Law No. 221/2015. This output is the result of a social and cultural process that has shaped a strong utilitarian attitude toward ecosystems. For these reasons the paper focuses on the features of Law No. 221/2015 and on the other existing regulatory instruments, which can counterbalance its criticalities. In conclusion, the paper stresses the elements which should be considered in order to implement an effective ecosystems restoration.