Silenced, if not neglected, in (most) legislation and practice, the issue of determining the law applicable to preliminary questions is a constant fea-ture in the systematics of private international law (“p.i.l.”). In legal doc-trine, in a nutshell, the discussion develops along the traditional alterna-tive techniques of (i) the independent connection (or disjunctive solution, based on recourse to the conflict rules of the forum even for preliminary questions), (ii) the dependent connection (to which both the so-called “joint” solution and the “absorption” solution are attributable, for which, respectively, the conflict rules of the lex causae or, directly, the substantive law of the latter are relevant), or, finally, (iii) the approach which empha-sises the procedural dimension of preliminary questions and leads them back to the substantive law of the forum. In these pages, an attempt is made to ascertain whether, in the absence of EU rules explicitly intended to determine the law applicable to preliminary questions, there are never-theless indications within the EU Regulations containing uniform conflict rules that make it possible to reconstruct, at least in selected cases, an in-clination, if not adherence, of the European legislature to a specific tech-nique for resolving preliminary questions. To this end, particular attention will be paid to the rules defining the material scope of application of the various EU p.il. Regulations in force and in the making, to those estab-lishing the “scope” of the applicable law identified by these Regulations, and to those concerning the circulation (of points) of decisions on prelimi-nary questions. This approach will concern both the preliminary questions the subject-matter of which falls ratione materiae within the scope of those Regulations and those that do not. On the assumption that at least in some areas, if not in all, the EU legislator does not take a position on the law applicable to preliminary questions, leaving this task to the law of the Member States, the compatibility of the traditional alternative techniques used in the law of the Member States (or in practice) with the general and sec-toral objectives of EU p.i.l. and with the obligation to safeguard its ef-fectiveness will be assessed. Finally, some considerations will be made as to the appropriateness, relevance and extent of an initiative of the EU leg-islator on this topic, as well as the coordinates to be considered in such an exercise.
Sottaciuto nella (maggior parte della) legislazione e dalla prassi, il tema della determinazione della legge applicabile alle questioni preliminari costituisce un tratto costante nella sistematica del diritto internazionale privato, al quale sono stati dedicati importanti saggi e lavori monogra-fici. In questi ultimi, la trattazione si sviluppa lungo le tradizionali alter-native tecniche del collegamento autonomo (o soluzione disgiunta, fondata sul ricorso alle norme di conflitto del foro anche per le que-stioni preliminari), del collegamento dipendente (cui si riconducono tan-to la soluzione congiunta quanto quella dell’assorbimento, per le quali assumono rilievo, rispettivamente le norme di conflitto della lex causae o, direttamente, il diritto materiale di quest’ultimo ordinamento), o, an-cora, quella che enfatizza la dimensione processuale delle questioni preliminari e le riconduce al diritto materiale del foro, evidenziando pregi e difetti di tali tecniche in funzione, in particolare, del rilievo che un legislatore intenda dare all’armonia «interna» o all’armonia «interna-zionale» delle soluzioni. Lo scritto sviluppa un’indagine su questo stesso tema in relazione all’insieme delle norme – contenute in regola-menti, direttive e convenzioni multilaterali, che oggi integrano il sistema di d.i.p. dell’Unione europea, e all’eventualità di una «lacuna» al riguar-do in tale sistema, tentando di verificare se, in assenza di norme espli-citamente intese alla determinazione della legge applicabile alle que-stioni preliminari, siano nondimeno presenti all’interno dei regolamenti dell’Unione recanti norme di conflitto uniformi indizi che consentano di ricostruire, almeno in taluni casi, un’inclinazione, se non l’adesione, del legislatore europeo a una certa tecnica di soluzione delle questioni pre-liminari. A tale fine si pone particolare attenzione alle norme che defini-scono l’ambito di applicazione materiale dei diversi regolamenti di d.i.p. uniforme in vigore e in fieri, a quelle che stabiliscono l’«ambito» della legge applicabile da detti regolamenti individuata, nonché a quel-le che riguardano la circolazione (dei capi) delle decisioni vertenti sulle questioni preliminari. Ciò rileva, infatti, sia per le questioni preliminari il cui oggetto rientri ratione materiae nell’ambito di applicazione di tali re-golamenti, sia per quelle che invece ne siano estranee. Sul presuppo-sto che almeno in taluni ambiti, se non in tutti, il legislatore dell’Unione non prenda posizione sulla determinazione della legge applicabile alle questioni preliminari, lasciando questo compito al diritto degli Stati membri, si valuta la compatibilità delle alternative tradizionali tecniche utilizzate nel diritto degli Stati membri (o in via di prassi) con gli obietti-vi generali e settoriali del d.i.p. dell’Unione, con l’obbligo di salvaguar-darne l’effetto utile e con la tutela dei diritti fondamentali.
On the Track of the Law Applicable to Preliminary Questions in EU Private International Law / F. Villata. - In: RIVISTA DI DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE PRIVATO E PROCESSUALE. - ISSN 2785-6380. - 2024:4(2024), pp. 1043-1082.
On the Track of the Law Applicable to Preliminary Questions in EU Private International Law
F. Villata
2024
Abstract
Silenced, if not neglected, in (most) legislation and practice, the issue of determining the law applicable to preliminary questions is a constant fea-ture in the systematics of private international law (“p.i.l.”). In legal doc-trine, in a nutshell, the discussion develops along the traditional alterna-tive techniques of (i) the independent connection (or disjunctive solution, based on recourse to the conflict rules of the forum even for preliminary questions), (ii) the dependent connection (to which both the so-called “joint” solution and the “absorption” solution are attributable, for which, respectively, the conflict rules of the lex causae or, directly, the substantive law of the latter are relevant), or, finally, (iii) the approach which empha-sises the procedural dimension of preliminary questions and leads them back to the substantive law of the forum. In these pages, an attempt is made to ascertain whether, in the absence of EU rules explicitly intended to determine the law applicable to preliminary questions, there are never-theless indications within the EU Regulations containing uniform conflict rules that make it possible to reconstruct, at least in selected cases, an in-clination, if not adherence, of the European legislature to a specific tech-nique for resolving preliminary questions. To this end, particular attention will be paid to the rules defining the material scope of application of the various EU p.il. Regulations in force and in the making, to those estab-lishing the “scope” of the applicable law identified by these Regulations, and to those concerning the circulation (of points) of decisions on prelimi-nary questions. This approach will concern both the preliminary questions the subject-matter of which falls ratione materiae within the scope of those Regulations and those that do not. On the assumption that at least in some areas, if not in all, the EU legislator does not take a position on the law applicable to preliminary questions, leaving this task to the law of the Member States, the compatibility of the traditional alternative techniques used in the law of the Member States (or in practice) with the general and sec-toral objectives of EU p.i.l. and with the obligation to safeguard its ef-fectiveness will be assessed. Finally, some considerations will be made as to the appropriateness, relevance and extent of an initiative of the EU leg-islator on this topic, as well as the coordinates to be considered in such an exercise.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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