This paper-based dissertation, made up of four thematic articles, wants to contribute to one of the primary issues that characterize the current discourse on sustainability: how to redress the downsides of the so-called “platform capitalism” in order to make possible an inclusive, democratic, and just digital transition for a wide group of stakeholders. In particular, it analyzes the recent proposal of platform cooperatives, namely, platforms that are democratically governed and collectively owned by their workers and users. More specifically, the dissertation focuses on the ethics and economics of “platform cooperativism,” aiming to demonstrate that the cooperative organizational model for digital platforms is more justifiable from a normative point of view and even economically more efficient under certain circumstances. To reach this goal, the first article presents the results of a systematic review of the growing and interdisciplinary literature on the topic and connects them through the holistic framework of stakeholder theory, arguing that multi-stakeholder platform cooperatives are the governance structure most coherent with the project of a more democratic and equitable digital economy and present specific competitive advantages as compared to private commercial platforms. The second article ideally builds on these results and criticizes existing contributions which adopt the social contract perspective, the most compatible with a democratic and extended form of governance, to justify instead the current unilateral rule-setting power of private digital platforms and the consequent unequal distribution of the value created. Hence, the third article, recognizing, on the contrary, the affinity between the social contract theory and multi-stakeholder governance structures, presents an exercise of normative institutional design focused on the proposal of a multi-level social contract for guiding the fair division of rights and liberties between the different stakeholders of each particular platform. However, given digital platforms’ infrastructural character, which suggests their governance as commons, the paper takes Senian capabilities as the informational basis of such a contract instead of Rawlsian primary goods. Finally, in order to give an empirical connection to the normative argument, the fourth article considers one specific category of stakeholders, i.e. gig workers, and shows the findings of a qualitative inquiry conducted with food-delivery couriers operating in a particular urban context taken as a case study—that is, the Italian city of Verona—to assess the impact of platform work on their personal and professional flourishing and co-theorize with them a capability-enhancing alternative organizational model. Platform cooperatives are confirmed in this way to be one of the most promising options to consider even in light of the results of the empirical research.
Il presente elaborato intende contribuire, sotto forma di una collezione di quattro articoli tematici, ad una delle principali questioni che caratterizzano l’attuale discorso sulla sostenibilità: come porre rimedio agli aspetti più negativi del cosiddetto “capitalismo di piattaforma” al fine di rendere possibile una transizione digitale inclusiva, democratica e giusta per un ampio gruppo di stakeholders. In particolare, l’elaborato analizza la recente proposta delle cooperative di piattaforma, vale a dire piattaforme governate democraticamente e possedute collettivamente dagli stessi lavoratori e utenti. Più specificamente, l’elaborato si concentra sulle dimensioni etiche ed economiche del “cooperativismo di piattaforma”, con l’obiettivo di dimostrare come il modello organizzativo cooperativo per le piattaforme digitali sia più giustificabile da un punto di vista normativo e anche economicamente più efficiente in determinate circostanze. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, il primo articolo presenta perciò i risultati di una revisione sistematica della crescente ed interdisciplinare letteratura sull’argomento e li collega attraverso il quadro olistico della teoria degli stakeholder, sostenendo che le cooperative di piattaforma multi-stakeholder sono la struttura di governance più coerente con il progetto di un’economia digitale più democratica ed equa e presentano specifici vantaggi competitivi rispetto alle piattaforme commerciali private. Il secondo articolo si fonda idealmente su questi risultati e critica contributi esistenti che adottano la prospettiva del contratto sociale, la più compatibile con una forma di governance estesa e democratica, per giustificare invece l’attuale potere unilaterale di definizione delle regole da parte delle piattaforme digitali private e la conseguente distribuzione ineguale del valore creato. Pertanto, il terzo articolo, riconoscendo al contrario l’affinità tra teoria del contratto sociale e strutture di governance multi-stakeholder, presenta un esercizio normativo di disegno istituzionale incentrato sulla proposta di un contratto sociale multi-livello per guidare l’equa divisione di diritti e libertà tra i diversi stakeholders di ciascuna piattaforma. Dato il carattere infrastrutturale delle piattaforme digitali, che suggerisce una loro gestione come commons, l’articolo assume però le capabilities Seniane come base informativa di tale contratto anziché i primary goods Rawlsiani. Infine, al fine di fornire un collegamento empirico all’argomentazione normativa, il quarto articolo considera una specifica categoria di stakeholders, vale a dire i gig workers, e mostra i risultati di un’indagine qualitativa condotta con riders operanti in un particolare contesto urbano preso come caso di studio—ovverosia la città italiana di Verona—per valutare l’impatto del lavoro di piattaforma sul loro flourishing personale e professionale e farli partecipare al processo di teorizzazione condivisa di un modello organizzativo alternativo che rafforzi le loro capabilities anziché ridurle. Le cooperative di piattaforma si confermano così come una delle opzioni più promettenti da considerare anche alla luce dei risultati della ricerca empirica.
GOVERNING SHARING PLATFORMS COOPERATIVELY: ESSAYS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY AND THE CAPABILITY APPROACH / P. Ghirlanda ; tutor: L. Sacconi, E. Chiappero, L. Cominelli ; coordinatore: L. Sacconi. - Università degli Studi di Milano. Dipartimento di Diritto Pubblico Italiano e Sovranazionale, 2024 Oct 11. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.
GOVERNING SHARING PLATFORMS COOPERATIVELY: ESSAYS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY AND THE CAPABILITY APPROACH
P. Ghirlanda
2024
Abstract
This paper-based dissertation, made up of four thematic articles, wants to contribute to one of the primary issues that characterize the current discourse on sustainability: how to redress the downsides of the so-called “platform capitalism” in order to make possible an inclusive, democratic, and just digital transition for a wide group of stakeholders. In particular, it analyzes the recent proposal of platform cooperatives, namely, platforms that are democratically governed and collectively owned by their workers and users. More specifically, the dissertation focuses on the ethics and economics of “platform cooperativism,” aiming to demonstrate that the cooperative organizational model for digital platforms is more justifiable from a normative point of view and even economically more efficient under certain circumstances. To reach this goal, the first article presents the results of a systematic review of the growing and interdisciplinary literature on the topic and connects them through the holistic framework of stakeholder theory, arguing that multi-stakeholder platform cooperatives are the governance structure most coherent with the project of a more democratic and equitable digital economy and present specific competitive advantages as compared to private commercial platforms. The second article ideally builds on these results and criticizes existing contributions which adopt the social contract perspective, the most compatible with a democratic and extended form of governance, to justify instead the current unilateral rule-setting power of private digital platforms and the consequent unequal distribution of the value created. Hence, the third article, recognizing, on the contrary, the affinity between the social contract theory and multi-stakeholder governance structures, presents an exercise of normative institutional design focused on the proposal of a multi-level social contract for guiding the fair division of rights and liberties between the different stakeholders of each particular platform. However, given digital platforms’ infrastructural character, which suggests their governance as commons, the paper takes Senian capabilities as the informational basis of such a contract instead of Rawlsian primary goods. Finally, in order to give an empirical connection to the normative argument, the fourth article considers one specific category of stakeholders, i.e. gig workers, and shows the findings of a qualitative inquiry conducted with food-delivery couriers operating in a particular urban context taken as a case study—that is, the Italian city of Verona—to assess the impact of platform work on their personal and professional flourishing and co-theorize with them a capability-enhancing alternative organizational model. Platform cooperatives are confirmed in this way to be one of the most promising options to consider even in light of the results of the empirical research.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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