Mitochondrial influence on performance fatigability: considering sex variability

Objective: Existing literature indicates that females generally demonstrate higher fatigue resistance than males during isometric contractions. However, when it comes to single-limb dynamic exercises, the intricate interplay between performance fatigability (PF), cardiovascular responses, and muscle metabolism in relation to sex differences remains underexplored. Purpose: This study investigates how sex affects the relationship between muscle oxidative characteristics and the development of PF during dynamic single-leg exercise. Methods: Twenty-four young healthy participants (12 males vs. 12 females) performed a constant-load single-leg knee extension task (85% peak power output; 60 rpm) to exhaustion (TTE). Neuromuscular assessments via transcranial magnetic and peripheral stimulations were conducted pre- and post-exercise to evaluate central and peripheral factors of PF. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained for mitochondrial respiration and immunohistochemistry analyses. Results: Participants performed similar total work (28 ± 7 vs. 27 ± 14 kJ, p = 0.81) and TTE (371 ± 139 vs. 377 ± 158 sec, p = 0.98); after the TTE, females' maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC: -36 ± 13 vs. -24 ± 9 %, p = 0.006) and resting twitch (RT: (-65 ± 9 vs. -40 ± 24 %, p = 0.004) force declined less. No differences were observed in supraspinal neuromuscular factors (p > 0.05). During exercise, the cardiovascular responses differed between sexes. Although fiber type composition was similar (type I: 47 ± 13 vs. 56 ± 14 %, p = 0.11), males had lower mitochondrial net oxidative capacity (61 ± 30 vs. 89 ± 37, p = 0.049) and higher Complex II contribution to maximal respiration (CII; 59 ± 8 vs. 48 ± 6%, p < 0.001), which correlated with the decline in MVIC (r = -0.74, p < 0.001) and RT (r = -0.60, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Females display greater resistance to PF during dynamic contractions, likely due to their superior mitochondrial efficiency and lower dependence on mitochondrial CII activity.