The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the doctrine of exhaustion and the so-called “advertising function” of the trademark, in order to verify whether - almost three decades after the first decision of the European Court of Justice that dealt with the latter - the current level of protection of the well-known trademarks (or, more generally, of the so-called brand reputation) might not presage a deep rethinking of trademark exhaustion as it has been known until today. This work, starting from the historical and legal landmarks of the exhaustion doctrine, addresses its notion and framework among various economics and legal perspectives, key elements – including the relationship between put into trade and agreements not assigning ownership – and the regional-EU limitation, also focusing on post-Brexit regime. Moreover, at the end of the chapter dedicated to the exhaustion theory in its general outline, special attention is paid to the shelved but still unsolved issue of the so-called international exhaustion, on which a perspective different by the one shared by most of the case law is adopted. Furthermore, the work moves on to an examination of legitimate reasons, an “open” notion within which are conventionally included all scenarios – starting from the alteration of the state of the product – which are considered to potentially harm the “content” of the trademark right. The analyisis is conducted highlighting the relationship between legitimate reasons and the different legally protected functions of the trademark. The following part it is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between the aim to ensure the free movement of goods and the need to protect trademark goodwill, which is often preserved by the owners through the implementation of closed and selective distribution systems. Indeed, in recent years, the trend of protection of the trademark owner position, which has resulted in a contamination between the notions of “luxury and prestige trademarks” and “well-known trademarks”, have inevitably outlined the centrality of the notion of brand reputation tarnishment as the balance point between lawfulness and unlawfulness of resales. The third part of this work offers a landmark of decisions and cases in which such “severe” harm to brand reputation occurs, in online and retail sales. The following and final section is aimed to call the interpreter's attention to the need to adopt a different criterion to assess whether this harm to reputation of a luxury brand be considered “severe”, focusing on how the message about the origin of goods can avoid the lack of legal certainty and the erosion of the secondary market.
Scopo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare il rapporto tra il principio di esaurimento e la c.d. “funzione attrattiva” del marchio, al fine di verificare se – a quasi tre decenni di distanza dalle prime pronunce della Corte di Giustizia che si sono occupate del tema – l’attuale livello di protezione della rinomanza (o, più in generale, della c.d. brand reputation) del marchio non possa far presagire un profondo ripensamento dell’istituto dell’esaurimento del marchio così come lo si è conosciuto sino ad oggi. Il lavoro, prese le mosse dalla ricognizione storico-giuridica dei fondamenti su cui si basa l’esaurimento, ne passa in rassegna la nozione, i fondamenti, l’inquadramento tra i vari paradigmi economico-giuridici, gli elementi costitutivi – compresa la possibilità di configurare l’immissione in commercio nei contratti diversi da quelli traslativi della proprietà – ed i limiti di operatività territoriale, anche con riguardo al regime post-Brexit. In particolare, alla fine del capitolo dedicato all’istituto nei suoi lineamenti generali, speciale attenzione viene dedicata alla questione, accantonata ma non sopita, del c.d. esaurimento internazionale, del quale si prova a fornire una lettura alternativa alla posizione oggi abbracciata dalla giurisprudenza dominante. Smarcata l’esegesi dell’istituto, si passa all’esame dei motivi legittimi, norma “aperta” entro la quale vengono convenzionalmente fatte rientrare tutte quelle fattispecie che – a partire dall’alterazione dello stato del prodotto – vengono ritenute potenzialmente interferenti con l’“oggetto specifico” del diritto di marchio, conducendo un’analisi che mette in luce il rapporto esistente tra i motivi legittimi e le diverse funzioni giuridicamente protette del marchio di volta in volta coinvolte. Infine, si analizzano i casi in cui l’esigenza di garantire la libera circolazione delle merci può trovare valido ostacolo nella tutela del goodwill del segno distintivo, spesso preservato attraverso l’implementazione di sistemi di distribuzione chiusi e selettivi, a protezione degli investimenti in reputazione del brand. Negli ultimi anni appare infatti consolidatasi la tendenza a dilatare il potere escludente del titolare del marchio, che, complice una certa elasticità definitoria, ha comportato l’avvicinamento tra le nozioni di “marchio di lusso e di prestigio” e di “marchio che gode di rinomanza” e con esse l’inevitabile centralità della nozione di “pregiudizio” all’immagine del marchio quale punto di equilibrio tra liceità e illiceità delle rivendite. Alla parte più propriamente ricognitiva circa i casi in cui tale “grave” pregiudizio alla reputazione si verifica, nei canali distributivi online e retail, se ne affianca una più critica, orientata a richiamare l’attenzione dell’interprete sulla necessità di adottare un diverso criterio definitorio che, mettendo al centro il messaggio sull’origine comunicato dal marchio, possa evitare l’appannarsi della certezza del diritto e con essa l’erosione del mercato secondario.
PRINCIPIO DI ESAURIMENTO E FUNZIONE ATTRATTIVA DEL MARCHIO / M. Loconsole ; tutor: R. Pennisi ; coordinatore: G. Ludovico. Università degli Studi di Milano, 2024 Jun. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.
PRINCIPIO DI ESAURIMENTO E FUNZIONE ATTRATTIVA DEL MARCHIO
M. Loconsole
2024
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the doctrine of exhaustion and the so-called “advertising function” of the trademark, in order to verify whether - almost three decades after the first decision of the European Court of Justice that dealt with the latter - the current level of protection of the well-known trademarks (or, more generally, of the so-called brand reputation) might not presage a deep rethinking of trademark exhaustion as it has been known until today. This work, starting from the historical and legal landmarks of the exhaustion doctrine, addresses its notion and framework among various economics and legal perspectives, key elements – including the relationship between put into trade and agreements not assigning ownership – and the regional-EU limitation, also focusing on post-Brexit regime. Moreover, at the end of the chapter dedicated to the exhaustion theory in its general outline, special attention is paid to the shelved but still unsolved issue of the so-called international exhaustion, on which a perspective different by the one shared by most of the case law is adopted. Furthermore, the work moves on to an examination of legitimate reasons, an “open” notion within which are conventionally included all scenarios – starting from the alteration of the state of the product – which are considered to potentially harm the “content” of the trademark right. The analyisis is conducted highlighting the relationship between legitimate reasons and the different legally protected functions of the trademark. The following part it is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between the aim to ensure the free movement of goods and the need to protect trademark goodwill, which is often preserved by the owners through the implementation of closed and selective distribution systems. Indeed, in recent years, the trend of protection of the trademark owner position, which has resulted in a contamination between the notions of “luxury and prestige trademarks” and “well-known trademarks”, have inevitably outlined the centrality of the notion of brand reputation tarnishment as the balance point between lawfulness and unlawfulness of resales. The third part of this work offers a landmark of decisions and cases in which such “severe” harm to brand reputation occurs, in online and retail sales. The following and final section is aimed to call the interpreter's attention to the need to adopt a different criterion to assess whether this harm to reputation of a luxury brand be considered “severe”, focusing on how the message about the origin of goods can avoid the lack of legal certainty and the erosion of the secondary market.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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