Energetics of sinusoidal exercise below and across critical power and the effects of fatigue

Purpose: Previous studies investigating sinusoidal exercise were not devoted to an analysis of its energetics and of the effects of fatigue. We aimed to determine the contribution of aerobic and anaerobic lactic metabolism to the energy balance and investigate the fatigue effects on the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to sinusoidal protocols, across and below critical power (CP).Methods: Eight males (26.6 +/- 6.2 years; 75.6 +/- 8.7 kg; maximum oxygen uptake 52.8 +/- 7.9 mlmin(-1)kg(-1); CP 218 +/- 13 W) underwent exhausting sinusoidal cycloergometric exercises, with sinusoid midpoint (MP) at CP (CPex) and 50 W below CP (CP-50(ex)). Sinusoid amplitude (AMP) and period were 50 W and 4 min, respectively. MP, AMP, and time-delay (t(D)) between mechanical and metabolic signals of expiratory ventilation ([Formula: see text]), oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), and heart rate ([Formula: see text]) were assessed sinusoid-by-sinusoid. Blood lactate ([La-]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined at each sinusoid.Results: [Formula: see text] AMP was 304 +/- 11 and 488 +/- 36 mlmin(-1) in CPex and CP-50(ex), respectively. Asymmetries between rising and declining sinusoid phases occurred in CPex (36.1 +/- 7.7 vs. 41.4 +/- 9.7 s for [Formula: see text] t(D up) and t(D down), respectively; P < 0.01), with unchanged t(D)s. [Formula: see text] MP and RPE increased progressively during CPex. [La-] increased by 2.1 mM in CPex but remained stable during CP-50(ex). Anaerobic contribution was larger in CPex than CP-50(ex).Conclusion: The lower aerobic component during CPex than CP-50(ex) associated with lactate accumulation explained lower [Formula: see text] AMP in CPex. The asymmetries in CPex suggest progressive decline of muscle phosphocreatine concentration, leading to fatigue, as witnessed by RPE.