AIM: Cardiometabolic diseases are characterized by an underlying inflammatory state, active supporter of the pathogenesis, suggesting that identifying players of the immune activation could offer novel therapeutic targets. The mannose receptor (Mrc1) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on immune cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, bone marrow (BM), and secondary lymphatic organs, and is also released as soluble form. It recognizes mainly mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine as terminal glycan moieties and was shown to be involved in the resolution of inflammation. Thus, aim of our study was to investigate the impact of Mrc1 deficiency on diet-induced obesity and experimental atherosclerosis, with a focus on the plasma N-glycome and the immunometabolic phenotype. METHODS: To study Mrc1 in obesity, WT and Mrc1 -/- male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 45% Kcal/diet) for 20 weeks. Weight gain and glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated and extensive flow cytometry profiling, histological, and proteomic analyses of tissues of interest were performed. In addition, total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) was studied. To investigate Mrc1 deficiency in experimental atherosclerosis, Mrc1 -/- mice were crossed with Ldlr -/- and ApoE -/- mice to generate atheroprone animals, which were fed with a cholesterol-enriched diet (western-type diet, WTD) for 12 weeks to promote atherosclerosis. Next, the impact of Mrc1 deficiency was evaluated through TPNG analysis, plasma lipid profiling, histological analysis of the atheroma at the aortic sinus and liver steatosis, and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. RESULTS: After 20 weeks of HFD feeding, no differences were found in mannose as terminal moiety of circulating glycans of Mrc1 -/- mice, which however presented a significant reduction in core and antennary fucosylation compared to controls. In parallel, Mrc1 -/- mice exhibited improved glucose and insulin response and reduced weight gain following HFD feeding compared to WT mice, matched by a decrease in hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as seen by histological and proteomics analysis. Flow cytometry revealed a reduced leukocyte infiltration in liver and VAT, in line with a modulation of blood inflammatory myeloid cells, which decreased in Mrc1 -/- mice compared to controls. Accordingly, a bone marrow (BM) reprogramming was observed, with reduced myeloid progenitors and mature cells, paralleled with an increase in the number – but not in the area – of BM adipocytes in Mrc1-deficient mice compared to controls. After 12 weeks of WTD feeding, Mrc1 deficiency in mice on both atheroprone backgrounds did not affect the levels of circulating mannosylated structure, but only the distribution of complex glycans. In addition, Mrc1 -/- mice were not protected from atherosclerosis, as confirmed in terms of comparable circulating lipids, atherosclerotic plaque area and composition, liver phenotype, blood immune cells distribution and their BM production in the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a redundancy in terms of receptors responsible of plasma glycoprotein clearance, as the lack of Mrc1 resulted in modest shifts of the circulating glycome, which may reflect the systemic inflammatory status more than a direct effect of the receptor. Moreover, in diet-induced obesity Mrc1 deficiency improved BM and circulating immune cell subsets distribution, in association with reduced systemic inflammation and protection from obesity-driven dysmetabolic phenotype. Nevertheless, this protection was not observed in experimental atherosclerosis, as Mrc1 deficiency led to a comparable development of this pathological condition.
OBIETTIVO: Le malattie cardiometaboliche sono caratterizzate da uno stato di infiammazione sistemica che contribuisce attivamente alla patogenesi, per cui lo studio di modulatori dell'attivazione immunitaria potrebbe offrire nuovi bersagli terapeutici. Il recettore del mannosio (Mrc1) è un recettore C-type lectin espresso da cellule immunitarie e da cellule endoteliali sinusoidali di fegato, midollo osseo e organi linfoidi secondari, ed è anche presente in forma solubile. Riconosce principalmente il mannosio, il fucosio e la N-acetilglucosammina come residui zuccherini terminali di glicosilazioni proteiche. Inoltre, ha mostrato un ruolo nella risoluzione dell'infiammazione. Pertanto, lo scopo del nostro studio è stato quello di studiare l'impatto della mancanza di Mrc1 sull'obesità indotta dalla dieta e sull'aterosclerosi sperimentale, con particolare attenzione all’N-glicoma plasmatico e al fenotipo immunometabolico. METODI: Per studiare la mancanza di Mrc1 nell'obesità, topi C57BL/6J maschi WT e Mrc1 -/- sono stati alimentati con una dieta ricca di grassi (HFD, 45% Kcal/dieta) per 20 settimane. Sono stati valutati l'aumento di peso e la tolleranza al glucosio e all'insulina e sono state eseguite analisi di citofluorimetria, istologia e proteomica dei tessuti di interesse. Inoltre, è stato studiato l’N-glicoma plasmatico totale (TPNG). Per valutare il deficit di Mrc1 nell'aterosclerosi sperimentale, topi Mrc1 -/- sono stati incrociati con topi Ldlr -/- e ApoE -/- per generare animali suscettibili allo sviluppo di aterosclerosi, che sono stati alimentati per 12 settimane con una dieta arricchita in colesterolo (western-type diet, WTD), per esacerbare la patologia. Successivamente, l'impatto del deficit di Mrc1 è stato valutato attraverso analisi TPNG, caratterizzazione dei lipidi plasmatici, analisi istologica delle lesioni ateromatose del seno aortico e della steatosi epatica, e immunofenotipizzazione mediante citometria a flusso. RISULTATI: Dopo 20 settimane di HFD, non sono state riscontrate differenze nei livelli di mannosio nei topi Mrc1 -/-, che tuttavia presentano una significativa riduzione della fucosilazione del core e delle antenne dei glicani circolanti. In parallelo, i topi Mrc1 -/- hanno mostrato una migliore risposta al glucosio e all’insulina rispetto ai topi WT, in aggiunta a un ridotto aumento di peso e una riduzione della steatosi e dell’infiammazione del fegato, come osservato dall’analisi istologica e di proteomica. È stata inoltre osservata una diminuita infiltrazione leucocitaria nel fegato e nel tessuto adiposo viscerale, in linea con una modulazione delle cellule mieloidi infiammatorie del sangue, che risultano inferiori nei topi Mrc1 -/- rispetto ai controlli. Successivamente, nei topi carenti di Mrc1 è stata dimostrata una riprogrammazione del midollo osseo rispetto ai controlli, con riduzione dei progenitori mieloidi e delle cellule mature, parallelamente a un aumento del numero degli adipociti in esso contenuti. Dopo 12 settimane di WTD, la mancanza di Mrc1 nei topi su entrambi i background di aterosclerosi sperimentale (Ldlr -/- e ApoE -/-) non influenza i livelli delle strutture mannosilate circolanti, ma solo la distribuzione dei glicani complessi. Inoltre, i topi Mrc1 -/- non sono protetti dall'aterosclerosi come confermato da comparabili lipidi circolanti, area e composizione della placca aterosclerotica, fenotipo epatico, distribuzione delle cellule immunitarie nel sangue e loro produzione midollare nei gruppi sperimentali. CONCLUSIONE: Questi dati suggeriscono una ridondanza in termini di recettori responsabili della clearance delle glicoproteine plasmatiche, poiché la mancanza di Mrc1 ha determinato modesti cambiamenti del glicoma circolante, che possono riflettere lo stato infiammatorio sistemico più che un effetto diretto del recettore. Inoltre, nell’obesità indotta dalla dieta, il deficit di Mrc1 ha indotto un miglioramento del fenotipo midollare e della distribuzione delle popolazioni immunitarie circolanti, in associazione a ridotta infiammazione sistemica e protezione dal fenotipo dismetabolico. Ciononostante, questa protezione non è stata osservata nei modelli di aterosclerosi sperimentale, che, in assenza del recettore del mannosio, hanno sviluppato una patologia paragonabile ai controlli.
UNVEILING THE ROLE OF THE MANNOSE RECEPTOR IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES / J. Nour ; coordinatore: G. D. Norata ; tutor: G. D. Norata. Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, 2023. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2023.
UNVEILING THE ROLE OF THE MANNOSE RECEPTOR IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES
J. Nour
2024
Abstract
AIM: Cardiometabolic diseases are characterized by an underlying inflammatory state, active supporter of the pathogenesis, suggesting that identifying players of the immune activation could offer novel therapeutic targets. The mannose receptor (Mrc1) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on immune cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver, bone marrow (BM), and secondary lymphatic organs, and is also released as soluble form. It recognizes mainly mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine as terminal glycan moieties and was shown to be involved in the resolution of inflammation. Thus, aim of our study was to investigate the impact of Mrc1 deficiency on diet-induced obesity and experimental atherosclerosis, with a focus on the plasma N-glycome and the immunometabolic phenotype. METHODS: To study Mrc1 in obesity, WT and Mrc1 -/- male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 45% Kcal/diet) for 20 weeks. Weight gain and glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated and extensive flow cytometry profiling, histological, and proteomic analyses of tissues of interest were performed. In addition, total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) was studied. To investigate Mrc1 deficiency in experimental atherosclerosis, Mrc1 -/- mice were crossed with Ldlr -/- and ApoE -/- mice to generate atheroprone animals, which were fed with a cholesterol-enriched diet (western-type diet, WTD) for 12 weeks to promote atherosclerosis. Next, the impact of Mrc1 deficiency was evaluated through TPNG analysis, plasma lipid profiling, histological analysis of the atheroma at the aortic sinus and liver steatosis, and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. RESULTS: After 20 weeks of HFD feeding, no differences were found in mannose as terminal moiety of circulating glycans of Mrc1 -/- mice, which however presented a significant reduction in core and antennary fucosylation compared to controls. In parallel, Mrc1 -/- mice exhibited improved glucose and insulin response and reduced weight gain following HFD feeding compared to WT mice, matched by a decrease in hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as seen by histological and proteomics analysis. Flow cytometry revealed a reduced leukocyte infiltration in liver and VAT, in line with a modulation of blood inflammatory myeloid cells, which decreased in Mrc1 -/- mice compared to controls. Accordingly, a bone marrow (BM) reprogramming was observed, with reduced myeloid progenitors and mature cells, paralleled with an increase in the number – but not in the area – of BM adipocytes in Mrc1-deficient mice compared to controls. After 12 weeks of WTD feeding, Mrc1 deficiency in mice on both atheroprone backgrounds did not affect the levels of circulating mannosylated structure, but only the distribution of complex glycans. In addition, Mrc1 -/- mice were not protected from atherosclerosis, as confirmed in terms of comparable circulating lipids, atherosclerotic plaque area and composition, liver phenotype, blood immune cells distribution and their BM production in the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a redundancy in terms of receptors responsible of plasma glycoprotein clearance, as the lack of Mrc1 resulted in modest shifts of the circulating glycome, which may reflect the systemic inflammatory status more than a direct effect of the receptor. Moreover, in diet-induced obesity Mrc1 deficiency improved BM and circulating immune cell subsets distribution, in association with reduced systemic inflammation and protection from obesity-driven dysmetabolic phenotype. Nevertheless, this protection was not observed in experimental atherosclerosis, as Mrc1 deficiency led to a comparable development of this pathological condition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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