A study of the inter- and intra-operator variability on selected echocardiographic measurements in dogs

Standard transthoracic echocardiography is considered the non-invasive gold standard for the diagnosis of most cardiac diseases. Defining reproducibility, repeatability, and reliability of this exam is imperative to reduce errors in clinical evalu- ations. The present study aimed at: (1) evaluating the reproducibility and repeatability of 15 echocardiographic parameters in dogs by analyzing measurements obtained from several operators with different levels of experience and comparing them to the ones obtained from two board-certified operators (gold standards - GSs); (2) assessing whether different for- mative paths have an influence on the variability of the echocardiographic measurements. Fifty-one operators have been included in this study, along with two diplomates of the European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Cardiology. Ten dogs were enrolled, 5 Golden Retrievers and 5 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Echocardiographic examination was performed on each dog by one GS and several operators on the same day. Results show the highest deviation from the GS and a poor inter-operator reproducibility for the M-mode measurements of the interventricular septum and the left ventricular free wall. Differently, M-mode-obtained internal diameters of the left ventricle in systole and diastole, and measurements of the aortic annulus and root show moderate to excellent intra- and inter-operator reliability and a good concordance with the GSs, demonstrating that all the operators correctly assess left ventricular systolic function and dila- tion, and evaluate the aortic valve. Furthermore, a specialist clinical activity, more than the acquired theoretical knowl- edge, affects the reliability of the echocardiographic examination by reducing the difference from the GS’ measurements.