Archaeological questions and genetic answers: Male paternal kinship in a copper age multiple burial from the eastern Italian Alps

In 2010, a detailed anthropological study regarding two adult individuals and one foetus-newborn buried in a Copper Age (ca. 3000-2700 cal. BC) multiple grave site found in Ora/Auer in the eastern Italian Alps (Alto Adige/ Sudtirol) was published. This exceptional archaeological finding provides a rare insight into an inhumation prehistoric ritual discovered within a natural alpine rock shelter.Due to the presence of an infant in the grave, the authors were doubtful of the anthropological male sex assignment given to both adult individuals found there. Additionally, correlation of non-metric traits suggested a possible kinship between them. To determine the biological sex and to investigate genetic relatedness, we performed a paleogenetic investigation (shotgun and enrichment data of similar to 2 million SNPs) of the two adults.We successfully analyzed the ancient DNA of these individuals, confirming that biologically, both were males (XY). Moreover, through kinship analyses and data from unilinear-transmitted markers (Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA), we detected a first-degree paternal kinship (most likely father-son).This study underlines the importance of interdisciplinary dialogue between archaeology, anthropology and palaeogenomics, demonstrating how the latter can significantly support the interpretation of funerary contexts.