Similar protective effect of ischaemic and ozone oxidative preconditionings in liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury

Many studies indicate that oxygen free-radical formation after reoxygenation of liver may initiate the cascade of hepatocellular injury. It has been demonstrated that controlled ozone administration may promote an oxidative preconditioning or adaptation to oxidative stress, preventing the damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting against liver ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. On the basis of those results we postulated that ozone treatment in our experimental conditions has biochemical parameters similar to the ischaemic preconditioning (IscheP) mechanism. Four groups of rats were classified as follows: (1) sham-operated animals subjected to anaesthesia and laparotomy, plus surgical manipulation; (2) I/R animals were subjected to 90 min of right-lobe hepatic ischaemia, followed by 90 min of reperfusion; (3) IscheP, previous to the I/R period (as in group 2): animals were subjected to 10 min of ischaemia and 10 min of reperfusion; (4) ozone oxidative preconditioning (OzoneOP), previous to the I/R period (as in group 2): animals were treated with ozone by rectal insufflation 1 mg kg (-1). The rats received 15 ozone treatments, one per day, of 5-5.5 ml at the ozone concentration of 50 microg ml (-1). The following parameters were measured: serum transaminases (AST, ALT) and 5'-nucleotidase (5 '-NT), with morphological determinations, as indicators or hepatocellular injury; total sulfhydryl groups, calcium levels and calpain activity as mediators which take part in xanthine deshydrogenase (XDH) conversion to xanthine oxidase (XO) (reversible and irreversible forms, respectively); XO activities and malondialdehyde + 4-hydroyalkenals as indicators of increased oxidative stress. AST, ALT levels were attenuated in the IscheP (130 +/- 11.4 and 75 +/- 5.7 U l (-1)) with regard to the I/R group (200 +/- 22 and 117 +/- 21.7 U l (-1)) while the OzoneOP maintained both of the enzyme activities ( 89.5 +/- 12.6 and 43.7 +/- 10 U l (-1)) without statistical differences (P< 0.05) in comparison with the sham-operated ( 63.95 +/- 11 and 19.48 +/- 3.2 U l (-1)). Protective effects of both the preconditioning settings on the preservation of total sylfhydryl groups (IscheP: 6.28 +/- 0.07, OzoneOP: 6.34 +/- 0.07 micromol mg prot (-1)), calcium concentrations (IscheP: 0.18 +/- 0.09, OzoneOP: 0.20 +/- 0.06 micromol mg prot (-1)), and calpain activity (IscheP: 1.04 +/- 0.58, OzoneOP: 1.41 +/- 0.79 U mg prot (-1)) were observed. Both of the preconditionings attenuated the increase of total XO associated to I/R injury. Generation of malondialdehyde + 4 hydroxyalkenals was prevented by IscheP and OzoneOP without statistical differences between the two protective procedures. These results provide evidence that both of the preconditioning settings share similar biochemical mechanisms of protection in the parameters which were measured. Although there were no differences from a biochemical point of view between Ischaemic and OzoneOPs, the histological results showed a more effective protection of OzoneOP than IscheP in our experimental conditions.