Outer crust of a cold non-accreting magnetar

The outer-crust structure and composition of a cold, non-accreting magnetar are studied. We model the outer crust to bemade of fully equilibratedmatterwhere ionized nuclei form a Coulomb crystal embedded in an electron gas. The main effects of the strong magnetic field are those of quantizing the electron motion in Landau levels and of modifying the nuclear single-particle levels producing, on average, an increased binding of nucleons in nuclei present in the Coulomb lattice. The effect of a homogeneous and constant magnetic field on nuclear masses has been predicted by using a covariant density functional in which induced currents and axial deformation due to the presence of a magnetic field that breaks time-reversal symmetry have been included self-consistently in the nucleon and meson equations of motion. Although not yet observed, for B greater than or similar to 10(16) G both effects contribute to produce different compositions-odd-mass nuclei are frequently predicted-and to increase the neutron-drip pressure as compared to a typical neutron star. Specifically, in such a regime, the magnetic-field effects on nuclei favor the appearance of heavier nuclei at low pressures. As B increases, such heavier nuclei are also preferred up to larger pressures. For the most extreme magnetic field considered, B = 10(18) G, and for the models studied, almost the whole outer crust is made of Zr-92(40)52.