Giustizia e riparazione per le vittime delle contemporanee forme di schiavitù. Una valutazione alla luce del diritto internazionale consuetudinario, del diritto internazionale privato europeo e dell’agenda delle Nazioni Unite 2030 (parte prima)

The Article enlighten the emergence in the twentieth century, through a rigorous exam of the fundamental elements constituting international custom, of a new enlarged notion of slavery which, under the umbrella’s definition of contemporary forms of slaveries, brings together the most heinous forms of this pervasive and everlasting crime against the humanity. All these new institutions and practices share the same peremptory status and erga omnes nature of the original prohibition, as well as all the (aggravated) consequences that the current apparatus of international law provides for the protection of fundamental interests of the international community as a whole. The Article also explores the way the major limitations to the fundamental right to access to justice and effective reparation for the victims (especially, immunity from foreign courts’ civil jurisdiction) have been recently implemented by national, international and supranational courts. It also prospects the progressive rise of a human rights’ horizontal effect in the private sphere, underlying the fundamental role that private international law might have in letting States to exercise extra-territorial jurisdiction in order to guarantee fundamental human rights obligations; thus, reflecting the growing recognition that a pure State-sovereignty-oriented approach has already been gradually supplanted by a human-being-oriented approach. Many concrete suggestions have been advanced in order to put an end in the near future to the crime of slavery, in whatever way declined.