A multi-analytical approach to study the chemical composition of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) to assess the impact on urban monumental heritage in Florence

In the present paper total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected at the S. Marco Museum in Florence during seasonal monitoring campaigns carried out in 2013 and 2014. The analyses focused on the determination of TSP chemical composition: main ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and levoglucosa which is considered the specific marker for wood burning. The analysis of TSP composition in Florence historical centre is of interest to assess what the damage caused to the surfaces of the urban monumental heritage could be. TSP higher value has been registered during December 2013 (58,6 μg/m3 ± 7,3 μg/m3) while the lower value has been registered in July 2013 (28,5 μg/m3 ± 2,2 μg/m3). OC and EC were also higher in winter with respect to summer. Sulphate is characterized by quite constant values during all the examined periods while ammonium and nitrate were higher in winter. The seasonal contribution of different sources such as combustion processes (from traffic and wood burning) and soil dust resuspension has been evidenced. In particular during winter a high concentration of levoglucosan, the specific marker for wood combustion, has been determined. Finally, all the data obtained were correlated with those previously determined in another study carried out in 2003 at the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence in order to evaluate any possible change in the atmospheric pollution composition.