Determination of primary and secondary standards and characterization of appropriate salt bridges for pH measurements in formamide

For the first time, the standardization for pH measurements is here implemented in the domain of superpermittive media. The nonaqueous solvent studied is formamide (ε = 109.5 at 298.15 K) for which three primary standards and two secondary standards have been determined, whose excellent internal consistency has also been demonstrated by specific cell measurements. A comparison of the pH scale in formamide with the aqueous scale has been duly tried by accounting for the primary medium effect on the H+ ion. Furthermore, as a result of an ad hoc supplementary systematic investigation, three salt bridges of appropriate level of equitransference in formamide, that is, NH4Cl, NH4Br, and NH4I, have been characterized for abating the liquid junction potentials intervening in the pH-measuring cell to enable the user to carry out regular pH measurements and related controls.