A direct in vivo measurement of the three-dimensional orientation of the occlusal plane and of the sagittal discrepancy of the jaws

The aim of the present investigation was to three dimensionally assess craniofacial relationships in vivo. Specifically, by using a non-invasive direct technique, the following measurements were made: 1) natural head position relative to the ground; 2) orientation of the occlusal plane relative to the subject's intrinsic facial planes; and 3) anteroposterior discrepancy of the dental bases, taking into consideration all the facial hard- and soft-tissue structures. Several dental and soft-tissue facial landmarks were directly digitized from 24 adult healthy volunteers with Angle Class I occlusions by means of an electromagnetic three-dimensional computerized digitizer. In natural head position, the three-dimensional orientation of Camper's, occlusal, and mandibular planes were measured along with the anteroposterior maxillo-mandibular discrepancies. In the frontal plane projection, all the measured planes appeared about horizontal. In the lateral plane projection, on average, Camper's plane deviated from the true horizontal by approximately 18° (in a 'head flexed' direction). The occlusal plane deviated from the same horizontal by about 14°, while the mandibular plane had a steeper inclination (about 30°); both planes were significantly correlated to Camper's plane. The measurements of anteroposterior jaw discrepancy revealed a wide range of sagittal relationships in the analyzed subjects. The method was found to be repeatable and fast. This direct three-dimensional in vivo assessment of the orientation of occlusal plane relative to the other facial planes could allow for a more comprehensive analysis of maxillo-mandibular sagittal discrepancies.